Conceptualizing the Land-Locked Developing Trap in ASEAN: A Strategic Perspective from Lao People’s Democratic Republic

Abstract

This study examined the constraints faced by landlocked developing countries (LLDCs) and explored how landlocked economies transitioned into land-linked economies (LLEs) to achieve sustainable development. LLDCs continued to struggle with high transport costs, limited access to global markets, and dependence on transit countries. Using a qualitative research design based on comparative case studies and document analysis of secondary data from twelve landlocked economies—classified into developed and developing groups—this study re-evaluated the land-locked developing trap (LLDT) within the ASEAN region, focusing on Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) as the only landlocked country in this area. Drawing on Krugman’s trade theory and Sachs’s geographical determinants of economic growth, a theoretical framework was proposed, integrating geographical constraints, opportunity enablers, and anticipated outcomes. Findings indicated that developed LLDCs benefited from trade agreements, digital transformation, and innovation-driven policies, while developing LLDCs faced limited infrastructure, weak digital integration, and insufficient regional cooperation. The study highlighted practical implications for policymakers by emphasizing regional collaboration, digital connectivity, and entrepreneurship as pathways for resilience. By addressing structural barriers and leveraging regional and global opportunities, LLDCs can enhance connectivity, reduce trade obstacles, and move toward becoming economically integrated hubs.